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Listeria monocytogenes

Food-Info.net : Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes Karakteristik umum Bakteri ini merupakan bakteri Gram-positif, dan motil/bergerak dengan menggunakan flagella. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1-10% manusia mungkin memiliki L. monocytogenes di dalam ususnya. Bakteri ini telah ditemukan pada setidaknya 37 spesies mamalia, baik hewan piaraan maupun hewan liar, serta pada setidaknya 17 spesies burung, dan mungkin pada beberapa spesies ikan dan kerang. Bakteri ini dapat diisolasi dari tanah, silage (pakan ternak yang dibuat dari daun-daunan hijau yang diawetkan dengan fermentasi), dan sumber-sumber alami lainnya. Sebagai bakteri yang tidak membentuk spora, L. monocytogenes sangat kuat dan tahan terhadap efek mematikan dari pembekuan, pengeringan, dan pemanasan. Sebagian besar L. monocytogenes bersifat patogen pada tingkat tertentu. Gejala-gejala penyakit Listeriosis merupakan nama penyakit yang disebabkan oleh L. monocytogenes . Secara klinis, suatu penyakit disebut listeriosis apabila L. monocytogenes diisolasi dari darah, cairan cerebrospinal (cairan otak dan sumsum tulang belakang), atau dari tempat lain yang seharusnya steril (misalnya plasenta, janin). Gejala listeriosis termasuk septicemia (infeksi pada aliran darah), meningitis (radang selaput otak) atau meningoencephalitis (radang pada otak dan selaputnya), encephalitis (radang otak), dan infeksi pada kandungan atau pada leher rahim pada wanita hamil, yang dapat berakibat keguguran spontan (trimester kedua/ketiga) atau bayi lahir dalam keadaan meninggal. Kondisi di atas biasanya diawali dengan gejala-gejala seperti influenza, antara lain demam berkepanjangan. Dilaporkan bahwa gejala-gejala pada saluran pencernaan seperti mual, muntah, dan diare dapat merupakan bentuk awal dari listeriosis yang lebih parah, namun mungkin juga hanya gejala itu yang terjadi. Secara epidemiologi, gejala pada saluran pencernaan berkaitan dengan penggunaan antasida atau cimetidine (antasida dan cimetidine merupakan obat-obatan yang berfungsi menetralkan atau mengurangi produksi asam lambung). Waktu mulai timbulnya gejala listeriosis yang lebih parah tidak diketahui, tetapi mungkin berkisar dari beberapa hari sampai tiga minggu. Awal munculnya gejala pada saluran pencernaan tidak diketahui, tetapi mungkin lebih dari 12 hari. Dosis infektif L. monocytogenes tidak diketahui, tetapi diyakini bervariasi menurut strain dan kerentanan korban. Dari kasus yang disebabkan oleh susu mentah atau susu yang proses pasteurisasinya kurang benar, diduga kurang dari 1000 organisme dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada orang-orang yang rentan. L. monocytogenes dapat menyerang epithelium (permukaan dinding) saluran pencernaan. Sekali bakteri ini memasuki sel darah putih (tipe monocyte , macrophage , atau polymorphonuclear ) dalam tubuh korbannya, bakteri ini masuk ke aliran darah (septicemia) dan dapat berkembang biak. Keberadaannya di dalam sel fagosit memungkinkannya memasuki otak, dan pada wanita hamil, mungkin masuk ke janin melalui plasenta. Sifat patogenik L. monocytogenes berpusat pada kemampuannya untuk bertahan dan berkembang biak di dalam sel fagosit korbannya. Diagnosis Listeriosis hanya dapat didiagnosis secara pasti dengan cara membiakkan organisme ini dari darah, cairan cerebrospinal (cairan otak dan sumsum tulang belakang), atau kotoran (walaupun untuk kotoran, sulit dilakukan dan terbatas kegunaannya) Makanan terkait L. monocytogenes dikaitkan dengan makanan seperti susu mentah, susu yang proses pasteurisasinya kurang benar, keju (terutama jenis keju yang dimatangkan secara lunak), es krim, sayuran mentah, sosis dari daging mentah yang difermentasi, daging unggas mentah dan yang sudah dimasak, semua jenis daging mentah, dan ikan mentah atau ikan asap. Kemampuannya untuk tumbuh pada temperatur rendah hingga 3°C memungkinkan bakteri ini berkembang biak dalam makanan yang disimpan di lemari pendingin. Pencegahan Pencegahan secara total mungkin tidak dapat dilakukan, namun makanan yang dimasak, dipanaskan dan disimpan dengan benar umumnya aman dikonsumsi karena bakteri ini terbunuh pada temperatur 75°C. Resiko paling besar adalah kontaminasi silang, yakni apabila makanan yang sudah dimasak bersentuhan dengan bahan mentah atau peralatan (misalnya alas pemotong) yang terkontaminasi. Populasi rentan Populasi yang rentan pada listeriosis yaitu: wanita hamil/janin – infeksi perinatal (sesaat sebelum dan sesudah kelahiran) dan neonatal (segera setelah kelahiran); orang yang system kekebalannya lemah karena perawatan dengan corticosteroid (salah satu jenis hormon), obat-obat anti kanker, graft suppression therapy (perawatan setelah pencangkokan bagian tubuh, dengan obat-obat yang menekan sistem kekebalan tubuh), AIDS; pasien kanker – terutama pasien leukemia; lebih jarang dilaporkan – pada pasien penderita diabetes, pengecilan hati ( cirrhotic ), asma, dan radang kronis pada usus besar ( ulcerative colitis ); orang-orang tua; orang normal—beberapa laporan menunjukkan bahwa orang normal yang sehat dapat menjadi rentan, walaupun penggunaan antasida atau cimetidine mungkin berpengaruh. Kasus listeriosis yang pernah terjadi di Swiss, yang melibatkan keju, menunjukkan bahwa orang sehat dapat terserang penyakit ini, terutama bila makanan terkontaminasi organisme ini dalam jumlah besar. Sumber: The bad bug book : http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html

Buah Melon di Colorado Infeksi Warga

Buah Melon di Colorado Infeksi Warga | Pikiran Rakyat Online

COLORADO, (PRLM).- Buah sejenis melon (cantaloupe) yang tumbuh di negara bagian Colorado, AS, diduga telah menjadi penyebab terjadinya wabah listeria monocytogenes yang menewaskan sedikitnya 13 warga setempat dan menginfeksi puluhan lainnya. Demikian diungkapkan Pusat Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Penyakit (CDC) AS yang berpusat di Georgia itu, seperti dikutip AFP, Rabu (28/9). Menurut CDC, semua melon yang mematikan itu bermerek Rocky Ford yang berasal dari perkebunan Jensen di wilayah barat Amerika. Buah sejenis melon tersebut memang lazim tumbuh di wilayah Granada, Colorado, AS. Sejauh ini, kata otoritas CDC, korban yang tewas itu berasal dari bebagai wilayah di AS, yaitu, empat korban dari New Mexico, dua korban, masing-masing dari Colorado dan Texas dan masing-masing seorang berasal dari Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, dan Oklahoma. Sementara korban yang terinfeksi dan saat ini dirawat berasal dari 18 negara bagian di Amerika. Berdasarkan penelusuran CDC, jumlah korban yang terinfeksi mencapai 72 orang. Pemerintah Amerika dilaporkan sudah mengambil sejumlah upay untuk menyetop penyebaran wabah tersebut. Listeria monocytogenes merupakan bakteri penyebab listeriosis, dan di dunia kesehatan dikenal sebagai bakteri pangan yang paling berbahaya. Kasus wabah listeria ini kali pertama terdeteksi pada 15 Agustus lalu. Harian New York Times menyebutkan, penyebaran listeria ini merupakan wabah terburuk yang terkait dengan pangan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. (A-133/A-26).***

WYSIWYG Web Builder v.7.6.4 SW

WYSIWYG Web Builder v.7.6.4 SW
WYSIWYG Web Builder v.7.6.4 SW | 334 MB
Genre: SYSTEM Tools

Web Builder is a WYSIWYG (What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get) program used to create web pages. WYSIWYG means that the finished page will display exactly the way it was designed. The program generates HTML (HyperText Markup Language) tags while you point and click on desired functions; you can create a web page without learning HTML. Just drag and drop objects to the page position them anywhere you want and when youre finished publish it to your web server (using the built in Publish tool). Web Builder gives you full control over the content and layout of your web page.

WYSIWYG Web Builder features:
• No HTML knowledge needed!
• Drag and drop objects from the toolbox on the page anywhere you like!
• Site Management. Easily add, edit, clone and structure your web pages from a single file.
• Customizable menus, toolbars, keyboard accelerators, dockable windows, tabs, autohide windows.
• Form layout object to create forms, including actions, hidden fields etc.
• Supports Form fields: Editbox, TextArea, Checkbox, Radiobutton, Combobox and Button.
• Form Wizard to create form in 4 steps. Select from a dozen ready-to-use forms.
• Rich text support: text object can contain different fonts, colors, links and sizes.
• Custom HTML object to insert your own HTML or javascripts.
• ActiveX, JAVA, Flash, Windows Media player, Quicktime, Real Audio and other Plug-In support.
• Publish your entire web site, a single page or a group of pages (to local drive or a web server) .
• Built-in Photo Gallery maker, with lots of cool features like picture frames!
• Built-in Banner maker.
• Rollover images.
• Bulleted Lists: Circle, Disc, Square, Numeric (1, 2, 3), Alpha (a, b, c) , Roman (I, II, III) and custom images.
• Image maps.
• Customize scrollbar colors for Microsoft Internet Explorer.
• Navigation bars.
• Tab Menus.
• Slide Menus.
• Ready-to-use javascripts.
• Template support. Already more than 100 templates available!
• Insert Symbols (special characters).
• Slide Show component .
• Support for third-party add-ons, using the Web Builder Component Developers Kit.
• Import existing HTML pages.
• Hyperlink Style Sheet, to customize the colors/formatting of hyperlinks.
• Built-in Popup support.
• Show optional rulers and ruler guides.
• Page transitions in Page Properties.
• Inline Frame component (IFRAME).
• Go menu: easily create a drop-down navigation menus.
• Menubar: powerful menu script that can mimic complex menus found in popular GUI applications.
• Shape object (Rectangle, Round rect, Ellipse, Diamond, Hexagon, Octagon, Parallelogram, Triangle, Trapezoid, Arrows, Flag, Flower, Heart, Signs, Stars, Talk Bubbles and much more!).
• Embedded OLE component.
• Master page object. This allows you to re-use objects from other pages (master page concept).
• Layer Object for advanced layout possibilities.
• Find/Replace for text objects.
• Validation tools for form components: EditBox, Combobox and TextArea.
• Rotation for shapes and images.
• Properties Inspector for quick object manipulation.
• Ability to group/ungroup objects.
• Image tools: Contrast, Brightness, Hue/Saturation, Flip, Rotate, Resample, Crop and Stencils.
• Image effects: GrayScale, Negative, Sepia, Blur, Soften, Sharpen, Noise, Emboss and more!
• Drawing tools: Line, Line + Arrows, Scribble, Polygon, Curve and Closed Curve.
• Photo gallery border styles/ photo frames.
• Images, shapes and form controls have a new Events Page, to easily add actions to object events!
• The PayPal eCommerce Tools are the quickest and easiest way to add eCommerce to your web site!
• RSS Feed object with podcast option.
• Blog with built-in RSS feed option.
• Google compatible sitemap generator
• and much much more!

Mak Nyoss

Don't Ask

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Where you take me to Darling

Where you take me to Darling

What U Think? LOL

What U Think? LOL

where did the biker

Real Madrid Vs Getafe Score Result 4-2 for El Real



[NEW] Real Madrid Vs Getafe 4-2 All Goals & Full Highlights (Liga BBVA) 10/09/2011 [HQ]

Terlalu berpikir negatif

Terlalu berpikir negatif

Oh No.. That Wasn't Chicken

Oh No.. That Wasn't Chicken

barangkali habis selesai makan mie.. terus ada yang mengirim pesan seperti itu.. (sori.. yang sodara makan bukan ayam.. melainkan ti*us.

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Barcelona VS Sociedad 10-09-2011 scored 2-2 Full Highlight

Bolton vs Manchester United 09-10-2011

Bolton vs Manchester United 09-10-2011

Balap Liar di Sawah berujung Kelucuan

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makanya jangan sok2an... mas...

Not Just What you Thing

Not Just What you Thing

10 Bizarre torture Methods

In Medieval times, they sought out ways to cut back on crime. Instead of letting the criminals sit in a jail cell, like today, they would use different torture devices. These devices came in all shapes and sizes and were meant to scare other would be criminals into not doing the crimes committed by the person being tortured. Let’s check these weird torture methods

10.
The Brazen Bull

 

 

This device was designed in Greece by Perillos of Athens. He was a brass founder and he cast the shape of a hollow bull with a door on the side. This condemned person was shut in the bull. There was a fire lit underneath the device and because it was brass it became yellow hot, which would cause the person to roast to death. It was configured with tubes and stops, so when the person was screaming it would sound like the bull was raging.

the brazen bull 

Link

9.
The Breaking Wheel

 

 

This wheel of torture was used to kill criminals and it did that very slowly. This device was a large wagon wheel. The criminal would be tied to the wheel, where the punisher would proceed to use a hammer to break the bones of the other person. Once that was completed, they were left there to die and even the birds would peck at their flesh until death was complete.

the breaking wheel

Link

8.
The Rack

 

 

This device is an oblong rectangle with a wooden frame. It was raised from the ground with a roller either at one end or at both ends. One end had a fixed bar, where the feet were locked onto it, and the other end had a moveable bar, where the hands were tied to it. It had a lever that was used as the interrogation progressed. It was on a lever and pulley system that would eventually cause the joints of the person being tortured to dislocate and then separate. Eventually, the muscle fibers userbin, ligaments, and cartilage would break separating the limbs from the body of the condemned.

the rack

Link

 

7.
Judas Cradle

 

 

This torture device is a pyramid shaped seat. The victim is placed on top of it, with the point inserted into an orifice, then they are very slowly lowered onto it. The condemned was usually naked in order to add to their humiliation. This device was thought to stretch the orifice or to slowly impale the person. The stretching of the orifice would cause pain, rips and tears, which would eventually cause death.

judas cradle

Link

6.
Coffin Torture

 

 

This device was used in the Middle Ages. The condemned would be placed in the metal coffin and left there for the appropriate amount of time. Depending on the crime, the person could be left in there to die, while animals ate their flesh or they would be placed on public display, which would cause their death. The people that would surround the person in the coffin would throw rocks and poke the person with objects until they finally became deceased.

coffin torture

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5.

 

Iron Maiden

 

 

This iron cabinet with a hinged front was made to be a tall upright cabinet that would enclose a human being. It would have a small opening, which was closeable, so the interrogator would be able to open and close it at their will. They would then poke the bodies of the person with a sharp object. They would use knives, spikes, or nails and the person inside was forced to remain standing in one position, ultimately causing their demise.

iron maiden

Link

4.
The Knee Splitter

 

 

The whole purpose of this device was to make a person’s knees useless. It was used in mainly during the Inquisitional period of time. This device was faceted with spikes, from three to twenty of them, and depending on the crime committed, depended on the number used. IT had a handle the torturer would use to close the device. The spikes would mutilate the skin and begin to crush the knee. They would also use the device on elbows, arms and the lower legs. There were even instances that they would heat the device to cause a maximum amount of pain. Death wasn’t a result of this device, but it the person refused to cooperate they would use other means.

the knee splitter

Link

3.
Heretic’s Fork

 

 

This device was used during the Spanish Inquisition. It has two forks at opposing ends of a metal rod. One of the forks would be placed under the chin, piercing the skin, and the other end would be piercing the flesh in the upper chest. It didn’t puncture any vital organs, so death would not take place during the use of this method, but it made talking and neck movements impossible. While wearing this device a person’s hands would be tied behind their backs, so they could not escape it. It would harm the person’s neck and, often times, spread diseases.

heretics fork

Link

 

2.
Saw Torture

 

 

This method was used to torture and kill the condemned person, which were typically accused of witchery, adultery, murder, blasphemy, or theft. The accused was hung upside down. This slowed down the blood loss by forcing the blood to the brain and it humiliated the person. This type of torture could last for several hours. Some of the victims would be cut completely in half, while some would only be cut up to their abdomen in order to prolong their deaths.

saw torture

Link

1.
Thumbscrew

 

 

This was used to get a confession from the offenders. The fingers of the person were placed in the device and crushed by the torturer turning the handle on the top. It could last for a very long time and it was very painful. This was also used to crush a person’s toes. They even made bigger versions of this device used to crush feet, knees, elbows and even heads.

thumbscrew

Link

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